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Provides a friction surface and absorbs heat. Surface condition, runout, thickness, mounting, and hub condition interact.
General knowledgeCreates friction against a rotor. Wear pattern can reveal hardware, hydraulic, mounting, or heat concerns.
General knowledgeUse when and where the vibration is felt to separate brake torque variation from wheel, hub, tire, steering, and suspension causes.
intermediateGrinding or scraping during braking can indicate friction-material, hardware, rotor/drum, shield, bearing, or debris concerns. Braking performance and heat determine whether the vehicle should be driven at all.
professional recommendedBrake squeal can come from friction-surface behavior, hardware contact, contamination, temperature, or a dragging component. Separate an intermittent noise from signs of unsafe braking before choosing a repair.
intermediateA soft, spongy, low, or sinking pedal can reflect hydraulic leakage or air, master-cylinder or control faults, mechanical adjustment or flex, and other foundation-brake concerns. Braking safety comes before diagnosis.
professional recommendedA pedal that suddenly feels hard or requires much more effort can indicate loss of brake assist, a vacuum/electrical control concern, or another braking fault. Secure the vehicle and verify the exact assist system before driving or replacing parts.
professional recommendedA wheel that locks, a brake that stays applied, or a vehicle that pulls with heat or odor can become a control and fire hazard. Stop driving and separate friction, hydraulic, parking-brake, mechanical, and control evidence with the exact vehicle procedure.
professional recommendedReduced braking, unusually long stopping, or a vehicle that will not stop normally is a stop-driving condition. Secure the vehicle first, then separate hydraulic, assist, friction, mechanical, and control-system evidence with qualified service information.
professional recommendedAn intermediate repair overview that begins with complete brake inspection and preserves strict boundaries around support, service limits, torque, electronic parking brakes, and bedding.
professional recommendedGeneral overview only. Confirm the diagnosis, safe vehicle support, service limits, and braking before driving.
professional recommendedInspect friction material, hardware, rotor condition, hydraulics, and wear-sensor requirements.
Verify vehicle intervalUse only the specified fluid and service process; contamination can compromise safety.
Verify vehicle intervalService limits, runout, fastener torque, and bedding guidance must be exact.
Verify vehicle intervalThe lamp may indicate an applied parking brake, low fluid, hydraulic concern, or another vehicle-specific brake-system condition. The symbol alone cannot prove the brakes are safe.
Stop and assessThe anti-lock braking system has reported a fault or has been disabled. Base braking may behave differently, and the exact effect depends on the vehicle and any other warning lamps.
Assess promptlyThe control module reported a vehicle-speed-signal condition. The standardized code identifies the monitored speed-signal category; it does not prove which sensor, wheel-speed source, wiring path, module, or communication path is responsible.
Generic codeThe control module reported vehicle-speed-signal behavior outside its expected relationship. The standardized code identifies the monitored speed-signal category; it does not prove which sensor, wheel-speed source, wiring path, module, or communication path is responsible.
Generic codeThe control module detected a vehicle-speed-signal input below the range expected by its monitoring strategy. The generic code does not prove which sensor, wheel-speed source, wiring path, module, or communication path is responsible.
Generic codeThe control module detected intermittent, implausible, or high vehicle-speed-signal behavior. The generic code does not prove which sensor, wheel-speed source, wiring path, module, or communication path is responsible.
Generic codeAI guidance is separate from verified IAR sources.
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